The concept of ‘resilience’ is increasingly being used as guiding principle in policy statements and policy letters, in the light of ongoing challenges for countries in the field of education, social policies and the current digital and energy transformation. In the previous chapter, the concept of resilience has been presented in a functional approach: how do social systems function and adapt when certain external shocks occur?
In 2022-2023, ETF has carried out a preliminary study on the resi...